Athens And Sparta Essay Example

Athens And Sparta Essay While here are many differences that distinguish Athens and Sparta, both share a few resemblances. To start with, Athens and Sparta shared the same religion of Polytheism. Despite Athens having Athena as their main God who was adulated more profoundly than the other Gods. As well as with Sparta, they believed more heavily in Heraclites because Sparta believed he was their founder. Both worshiped all the Greek Gods, some were just more important for Athens and Sparta. In addition to religion, both Athens and Sparta shared the comparison of allowing slavery. Though Athens was a democracy, half of their population were slaves. It is projected that the vast majority of Athenians owned at least one slave. Sprats populace of slaves was more than 10 times the populace of Sprats citizens. The reason for Sprats ridiculous number of slaves is based that the slaves (or helots as Spartan called them) were essential to Sprats food production because the slaves handled it all. Regardless of Athens and Sparta sharing many similarities they also share many differences in their lifestyles since both developed parallel from one another. To start with, Athens prioritize education more than Sparta. Schooling was taken very seriously in Athens as men were taught in philosophy, math, science and more. Poetry, music and drama was also greatly appreciated in their instruction. A good education was the key to Athens success in Greek culture. In contrast to Ethanes value for education, Sparta didnt take education as seriously. When boys turned 7, they were shipped off to a military school until they were 20 to train for the army. We will write a custom essay sample on Athens And Sparta specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Athens And Sparta specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Athens And Sparta specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The season that Sparta didnt have as big of an education standard as Athens was because they prioritize their military a lot more, which made their army stronger than Athens. Also both Athens and Sparta differ in women rights. For example, in Athens women are valued only for bearing children. Although women were not considered citizens in Athens, they were higher socially ranked than slaves but below men. Women were not allowed to own property which included lands, slaves, jewelry and clothing and were not premised to do sports. They also had to be accompanied by a slave because they were not permitted to leave home alone. Unlike in Athens, where women had no rights, in Sparta women did have a few. Women were allowed to play sport: and move around Sparta freely. For example, though women werent trainee in the traditional Sparta sports such as heavy weight lifting and disk throwing Women were trained in gymnastics to maintain their strength. The reason being, Spartan hoped that if their women were strong they could pass that trait down to their future child.

Waste Management Essay Essay Example

Waste Management Essay Essay Example Waste Management Essay Essay Waste Management Essay Essay IntroductionBackground of the Study RA 9003. otherwise known as the â€Å"Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. † authorizations that segregation and aggregation of solid waste at beginning shall be conducted at the barangay degree specifically for biodegradable. compostable and reclaimable wastes. and that the several metropoliss and municipalities shall advance enterprises in the community to set about waste segregation and aggregation at beginning pursuant to the spirit of the jurisprudence. Complementing this proviso. the jurisprudence mandates that â€Å"collection of non-recyclable stuffs and particular wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or city† ( Section 10. RA 9003 ) . These authorizations are defined in conformity with the Local Government Code ( RA7160 ) . Recently. the metropolis of Manila enacted City Ordinance No. 7876 which provides steps for the proper segregation of rubbish. Under this regulation. all waste stuffs belong to either one of the undermentioned groups: biodegradable ( nabubulok ) . non-biodegradable ( di-nabubulok ) . and residuary. Each class of refuse is. in bend. collected by the metropolis service at specified yearss of the hebdomad. Rizal Technological University ( RTU ) for its portion. has taken a figure of stairss toward bettering its ain waste direction system. An Environmental Research Department has been established to research and implement executable systems for refuse aggregation and segregation. In RTU-Mandaluyong. biodegradable and non-biodegradable refuse are being segregated into separate rubbish bins. Recently. ( 2012 ) Rizal Technological University joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School. a plan measuring the school environmental plans. energy preservation undertakings. H2O use systems and refuse disposal policies. In add-on. the University’s Environmental Research Department implemented â€Å"No Plastic Policy† . which started last 2010. purely enforcing the ordinance of disposable fictile stuffs among the pupils. module and the university canteen and nutrient shops ( as cited in RTU one-year accomplishment study ) . However. in malice of these steps. the University is still dawdling behind in making something for direction of solid waste. This survey will give us an mentality of the current position of the university’s Solid Waste Management Program. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Impacts of Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization on Waste Management As human population additions. the rapid depletion of natural resources is go oning in all states and significantly striving the quality of the planet’s H2O. dirt. and air. therefore straight lending to environmental impairment. It is estimated that the Earth’s renewable natural resources has declined by over 30 per centum over the last 30 old ages while the demands on them has increased by 50 per centum. Hence. sustainability is a job. ( Torres. 2010 ) This environmental impairment is made worse by urbanisation and promotions in societies brought approximately by engineering. Whenever something is thrown out or is considered to be waste. resources are lost. This call for the extraction of more natural resources to refill our society’s neer stoping demand for more merchandises. Inevitably. these new merchandises are used and finally thrown off as waste and the rhythm continues. As our waste piles up to eternity. the earth’s natural resources merely go more perceptibly finite. ( Baula. 2010 ) A factor that could decline the environmental crisis is the increasing accretion of solid wastes which either have no opposite number in nature or which have non been decently disposed ( Arias. 1998 ) . Solid wastes have been identified as one of the most of import environmental jobs of urbanisation. For an urban centre with rapid urban migration. hapless solid waste direction patterns are considered as black activities. ( Ballados. 2010 ) Based on estimations. waste coevals in Asia has reached 1 million dozenss per twenty-four hours. Solid-waste direction has become an of import issue in the Asia-Pacific part. and it needs to be resolved through an integrated community. private sector. and policy-based attack. ( Asiatic Productivity Organization. 2007 ) In the Philippines. the national population continues to increase in an accelerating rate and it is the â€Å"sixteenth most thickly settled. out of more than 190 countries† . ( Magalona and Malayang. 2001 ) . The country’s population exhibited a immense addition from 27 million in the 1960’s to 88. 57 million in 2007. ( Espaldon and Baltazar. 2011 ) . Aside from increasing population. the rapid urbanisation besides contributes to the country’s job of waste. With the increasing population peculiarly in the urban countries. the sum of solid waste generated per twenty-four hours besides increases. The unit coevals rate of solid waste in the state ranges between 0. 30 to 0. 70kg per capita per twenty-four hours for rural and urban communities severally. ( NSWMC. 2005 ) The deficiency of chances and utmost poorness in the countryside has forced the rural inhabitants to seek better life in the urban countries. Infrastructure in the state is largely focused on the NCR and this hinders the local and regional development. Due to unmanaged urbanisation in Metro Manila and other urban metropoliss. the state is confronting a batch of jobs such as pollution. unequal H2O supply. high unemployment and offense rates. outgrowth of homesteaders. traffic congestion and inefficient waste disposal ( Mangahas. 2006 ) . There is a farther and more direct effect to the continual accretion of waste. The nonliteral term â€Å"buried in garbage† manifested itself literally in the Payatas calamity in Quezon City. Payatas is a 12-hectare garbage dump that is inhabited by around 311. 500 people who make a life from scavenging and selling rubbish. Two typhoons that hit Metro Manila loosened the mountain of refuse and in the forenoon of July 10. 2000. it finally came crashing down on an estimated 300 hovels. killing 224 people. The garbage dump was temporarily closed. Six months after the catastrophe. holding no alternate shit sites. the Payatas garbage dump was reopened ( Bildan. 2003 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Besides the menace to our lives. indiscriminate dumping has led to streets being lined with rubbish and to the implosion therapy of our urban homes. Health is threatened when canals. clogged by refuse. go breeding evidences for insects that bring about diseases like cholera and dandy fever. Respiratory diseases are besides brought approximately by the combustion of refuse in our backyards. Landfills produce methane gas which is a potent nursery gas. ( Baula. 2005 ) Policies on Solid Waste Management The go oning debasement of the environment has captured the attending of concerned citizens around the Earth. In the past decennaries. the Filipino authorities has implemented several steps to protect the environment and the wellness of the people from the jeopardies caused by improper waste disposal. Even in the earlier ordinances. proper aggregation and disposal of wastes and the proviso of punishments for non-compliance were already emphasized. ( Ocenar 2001 ) The Filipino authorities has recognized the badness of the refuse job and has prioritized the constitution of appropriate steps to turn to it. The most comprehensive piece of statute law is the Republic Act ( RA ) 9003. known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. which assigns the primary undertaking of execution and enforcement to LGUs. It emphasizes the importance of minimising waste by utilizing techniques such as recycling. resource recovery. reuse. and composting ( Guzman. 2013 ) . Under RA 7160. otherwise known as the Local Government Code. the Filipino LGUs shall be chiefly responsible for the execution and enforcement of the commissariats of this Act within their several legal powers. Segregation and aggregation of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay degree specifically for biodegradable. compostable and reclaimable wastes provided. that the aggregation of non-recyclable stuffs and particular wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or metropolis ( Section 10 of RA 9003 as cited in Ballados. 2010 ) The barangay shall be responsible for the aggregation. segregation. recycling of biodegradable. reclaimable. compostable and reclaimable wastes. Material Recovery Facilities ( MRFs ) will be established in every barangay or bunch of barangays ( Section 1 of Rule XI of the IRR 9003 ) . Other policies include PD 825 Garbage Disposal Law. PD 984 Pollution Control Law. PD 1151 Phil. Environmental Policy and other regulative policies and local authorities regulations like the hiwa-hiwalay sodium basura SA barangay under the local authorities codification ( Atienza 2011 ) . Role of Educational Institutions to Solid Waste Management Harmonizing to a survey by Hagos in 2008. integrating of environmental instruction in selected curricular plans is really of import particularly for a underdeveloped state like the Philippines. Students must go ?earth-friendly? and commit to environmentally sound life style. They must besides acknowledge mutuality in a planetary village? and be prepared to lend to it. Former President Fidel V. Ramos signed Executive Order No. 15 that answers the call for planetary action on the province of the environment. He created the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development that adopted the Philippine Agenda 21which takes a balanced and incorporate attack to development issues by integrating sustainable development rules and constructs aligned with the national precedences of the authorities. ( Rabago 2008 ) One of the schemes of Philippine Agenda 21 is the publicity of environmental instruction. information and public consciousness. This scheme reinforces P. D. 1152 or the Filipino Environment Code of 1977 that mandates the integrating of environmental instruction into the nucleus course of study of all academic degrees. ( Dejarme 2009 ) This started the bing plans and activities of schools and higher instruction establishments and the integrating of environmental scientific discipline topics in third instruction degree.School Based Solid Waste Management is being practiced in changing grades in a figure of schools throughout Metro Manila. Quezon City had launched the â€Å"Green School Brigade† plan where pupils from six public simple schools were encouraged to convey reclaimable wastes and take them to their schools in exchange for school supplies or food market points ( Reganit. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Marikina City instituted the â€Å"Eco Savers† plan in 2004. necessitating pupils from 18 public simple schools to convey reclaimable refuse from their families to their schools ( Best Practices. 2007 ) . Thirty-six schools in Makati City had besides been chosen to prosecute in waste segregation ( Recycling. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Private companies. as portion of their societal duty. besides pushed attempts towards waste direction run. Samsung Electronics Philippines Manufacturing Corporation in partnership with Toyota Autoparts Inchad chosen one hundred pupils from five spouse schools were chosen as participants to the preparation plan. The partner-schools include: Emilio Aguinaldo Integrated School. Isaac Lopez Integrated School. Bonifacio Javier National High School. Eulogio Rodriguez Vocational High School. and Rizal Experimental Pilot School for Cottage Industries. After the preparation. the schools’ waste direction plans were monitored and evaluated for a period of six months. from August 2006 to April 2007. The LGUs in Bulacan. Nueva Vizcaya. and Sorsogon followed suit and had replicated the plan. . Samsung Electronics Philippines Manufacturing Corp. in Calamba. Laguna. and Toyota Autoparts Inc. in Sta. Rosa. Laguna ( Aguinaldo. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Higher educational establishments ( universities and colleges ) besides started their waste direction undertakings. A good illustration is De LaSalle University. which established their Waste Minimization Campaign last September 2005. They conducted orientation and seminar sing the undertaking with the engagement of the university concessioners. housekeeping section. evidences section. residence hall residents. office secretary/clerks staff. module. pupil leaders and school decision makers. They agreed to make a policy sing the usage of disposable plastic stuffs within the university. DLSU besides designated September as their â€Å"Clean-Up Month† ( DLSU Environmental Resource Management Center. 2005 ) . RTU’s Garbage Disposal Policies Rizal Technological University. similar to other local and foreign universities. has some kind of waste reduction/prevention plan.Recently. ( 2012 ) Rizal Technological University joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School. a plan measuring the school environmental plans. energy preservation undertakings. H2O use systems and refuse disposal policies. The university highlighted its â€Å"No Plastic Policy† . which started last 2010. purely enforcing the ordinance of disposable fictile stuffs among the pupils. module and the university canteen and nutrient shops ( as cited in RTU one-year accomplishment study ) . RTU besides pattern trash segregation. dividing waste as degradable and non-degradable. However. non-compliance to these policies was observed among RTU population. Significance of the Study Using document reappraisals and cardinal informant interviews. the study’s end is to pull out strength and failing of the university’s solid waste direction and place the best patterns or possible promotion on how RTU’s SWM could be improved. In add-on. the survey can be used for betterment of bing policies with respects to solid waste direction. Research Problem The survey aims to cognize the current position of solid waste direction position in RTU. Aims of the Study This instance survey would wish to seek replies to the followers: How long has it been since the plan ( SWM ) started?Is the plan being sustained over the past few old ages?What promotion has been made to assist the plan?How is RTU’s plan compared with others’ ? MethodologyResearch DesignThe qualitative research method was used in this research survey peculiarly the instance survey type of research probe. The intent of this type of research is to depict objectively the nature of the state of affairs under survey. Instrument Interviews Unstructured questionnaire was used as one of the informations aggregation methods. This questionnaire was used to roll up information from the Environmental Research Department through an interview sing waste direction services and patterns for RTU. Datas are based from our interview with Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Secondary Datas Solid Waste Management Programs of other universities and municipalities were besides obtained for survey and comparing intents. Procedure Permissions from the Environmental Research Department were sought prior to the behavior of interviews. Interviews would affect Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Datas Analysis Gathered informations will be presented and will be compared with other school-based solid waste direction plan. Findingss Rizal Technological University started its solid waste direction plan manner back 2004 when Dr. Marivic De Guzman. the Director of Auxiliary services so. created an Ecology Center and funded a composting bioreactor for biodegradable waste. After five old ages. Dr. Ulysses Lim took in charge of the Auxiliary Services ( 2009 ) and implemented the distribution of refuse bags within the university and tarpaulin postings informing the pupils to dispose their rubbish decently. On the same twelvemonth. the RTU disposal decided to fade out the Department of Auxiliary Services and reassign the duties to ( BAO ) Business Affairs Office. BAO continued to administer refuse bags but decided to halt the operation of the university’s bioreactor because of care troubles. In 2010. under Research and Development Center. an Environmental Research Committee was instituted. It was headed by Dr. Ruth Guzman. Part of the Environmental Research Committee is the constitution of Environmental Research Laboratory with Prof. Marita Geroy to oversee the installation. They decided to segregate rubbish by seting labels on the refuse bags as to â€Å"biodegradable† and â€Å"non-biodegradable† . With the supervising of Dr. Ruth Guzman. the Chairperson of Environmental Committee. a Proposed Undertaking for Waste Management was presented to the school disposal. However. the said proposal was non given that much attending and is still non approved by the school functionaries. A survey conducted by Geroy and Meneses in 2010 showed that pupils are cognizant of waste direction but they do non follow the bing policies because segregation was non purely reinforced within the university. Last 2012. RTU joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School foregrounding its â€Å"No Plastic Policy† which was besides imposed n the same twelvemonth. The policy includes the ordinance on the usage of plastic ( fictile cups ) within the promenade. university canteen and nutrient booth. It besides banned the usage of Styrofoam stuffs inside the campus. Harmonizing to the Environmental Committee. waste coevals decrease has been observed through the bing policies. However. comparing it with other schools. they are still non satisfied with the RTU’s waste direction. RTU’s SWM: Strength Since 2004. the university has been consistent in forcing waste direction policies within the university. The constitution of the university’s Environmental Research Committee strengthened the bing waste direction policies. Information airing has been done through the usage of enlightening tarpaulins and rubbish bags labeling. RTU’s SWM: Failing Proposed undertakings are available. but fiscal resources are non. Compliance depends on execution. Segregation is non purely implemented. The university is cognizant of bing waste segregation. Polotical will is missing among the pupils. Compared with DLSU ( LaSalle ) system. RTU is dawdling behind solid waste direction. DLSU implemented its Entire Waste Segregation through its Solid Waste Management Task Force. They observed important consequences on the decrease of their waste direction ( cited in DLSU Solid Waste Management Report ) . They besides designated 100 janitors and 15 nurserymans working for the cleanliness and beautification of the campus. An one-year forum. comprising of the school decision makers. deans of different colleges and sections. pupils faculty member and spearheaded by the Buildings and Grounds Maintenance Department and the Solid Waste Management Task Force. is being held to show studies and proposals sing solid waste direction. This sort of plans can besides be adopted by RTU for the betterment of the bing policies. Information are based from our interview with Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Decision From the consequences. we concluded the followers:The university’s present waste direction is focused on segregation. Awareness among the pupils sing segregation is noted. But non-compliance is observed. Recommendation RTU should look into other schools plan and do them guidelines for better policy devising and plan execution. The university can follow other schools’ system sing waste direction. The university should hold separate Solid Waste Management Department for better monitoring of solid waste Mentions Acosta. V. L. Paul. J. G. et. Al. Implementing Regional Ecology Centers in the Visayas Region. Philippines: Networking To Enhance Sector Development AndSolid Waste Management Bennagen. M. E. . Nepomuceno. G. and Covar. R. . 2002. Resources. Environment A ; Economics Center For Studies ( REECS ) ; A Summary of EEPSEA Research Report 2002. RR3. Resources. Environment A ; Economics Center For Studies Aquino. P. A. . Delina. L. et. Al ; Mobilizing Public Support for a Sustainable Solid Waste Management: The Case Study of Santo Tomas Municipality. Philippines Sumalde. Z. . 2005. A Summary of EEPSEA Research Report 2005-RR1. Execution and Financing of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines Ballados. M. T. . Measuring the Solid Waste Management Practices in Bacolod City. Philippines Baula. E. . 2010 School-Based Solid Waste Management Initiative in the Philippines: Lessons and Experiences of the Toyota Auto Parts and Sta. Rosa City Partnership Torres. E. . Solid Waste Management in the Philippines Atienza. V. . Review of the Waste Management System in the Philippines: Enterprises to Promote Waste Segregation and Recycling through Good Governance Atienza. V. . A Breakthrough in Solid Waste Management through Participation and Community Mobilization: The Experience of Los Ba?os. Laguna. Philippines

Is Violence the Only Way to Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Violence the Only Way to Freedom - Essay Example The essay "Is Violence the Only Way to Freedom?" discusses the Fanon's ideas regarding the ways out of colonization and a place of violence in this kind of system. Fanon suggests that violence is the only way out of colonization, which is based on the constant opposition between colonized people and colonizers. It is true that power is the main connector between colonists and colonies. This power is of violent, oppressive and humiliating character towards colonized people in order to state the victory and power of colonists. Even now the rests of the system divide each society into minorities and majorities which are often separated from one another. Fanon suggests that this â€Å"Manichean world† with the clear binary opposition can end only when colonized people collaborate and resist. He states that violent resistance with pain and blood lead people to freedom. If people have grassroots initiatives, local intellectual leaders, one program and shared vision of the future, they can steadily move to decolonization utilizing non-violent methods of opposition. Violence from colonies will be definitely interpreted as danger and threat for their metropolis. Leaders of colonists often ready to violence and human sacrifice for the sake of common freedom, as it is stated by Fanon. Violence serves as a catalyst of this conflict escalation, it attracts attention and sympathy, but it also creates a certain image of the colony, which plays against its successful chances to save their culture, identity, and dignity.

Intermediate Macroeconomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Intermediate Macroeconomics - Research Paper Example The core theme of the project revolves round economic and monetary policies that are significantly influenced by the change in global oil prices. In this regard, it is observed that with change in global oil price, the import and export of the same gets highly influenced. The study leads to the comprehensive understanding regarding the development of the nation, hence, it makes interesting to the readers. However, in the essay a general introduction to the topic is provided at the initial phase of the study, which is followed by a study of the trend of oil price in the international market over the past few years. The variables that are prominently used for the purpose of the study are the leading producers and consumers of crude oil in the world. Moreover, an overview of the trend in the import and export of crude oil is also depicted in the study. In lieu of the determined objective, a critical quantitative analysis will be performed with regards to the impact of price change of cr ude oil on buying and selling economies in the international market, with due consideration to the statistical positions of Saudi Arabia, the US and Australia in terms of buying and selling crude oil. The quantitative analysis tools that are used in the study comprise correlation, mean and median. In this regard, the correlation among the oil price change over the years and the variable of the net export and import is considered. The time period for the same is considered from 2009 to 2013. Furthermore, these data are collected from some of the trusted sources like the Macro Trends, Infomine, Australian Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Department of Energy, and many more and hence, the result is highly reliable. It is expected that the approach taken would bring into a holistic assessment of the topic, with the comparison of data obtained about different countries. Ultimately, a conclusion will be

Effects of various types of drugs Research Paper

Effects of various types of drugs - Research Paper Example This essay considers the various types of effects of these drugs as they influence the person or persons who have consumed them. Depressants have are a specific type of psychoactive drug that temporarily limits the functionality of a specific part of the brain or body ("Msds glossary," 2010). There are a broad variety of depressants, many of which human beings consume recreationaly. In these regards, one of the most popularly consumed depressants is alcohol. While most individuals have experienced the effects of alcohol, its necessary to advance an objective understanding of these effects as they relate to different types of psychoactive drugs. Some of the most notable effects of alcohol are disinhibitions. In these regards, the impulses one might think or feel when they are sober but are inhibited to act upon – when under the influence of alcohol – the individual is then considerably more likely to follow through (Myers 2010). Another notable effect of alcohol is slowed neural response. In these regards, significant alcohol consumption slows the users sympathetic nervous system so they oftentim es exhibit effects such as slurred speech, and impaired movement. The slowing of the individuals neural response through alcohol consumption is a highly notable effect, as it is through this effect that individuals oftentimes become involved in fatal traffic accidents. Another highly prominent type of depressant are barbiturates. Barbiturates are understood as, â€Å"can be used as hypnotics, sedatives, anticonvulsants and anesthetics, although they are probably most familiar as sleeping pills ("Barbiturate,"). In these regards, barbiturates are generally understood as tranquilizers for their sedative effects. While in small doses barbiturates have been administered as sleep or pain aids, in larger doses they can be potentially dangerous, leading to impairment of memory,

Overview of Negative Effects of Stress

Overview of Negative Effects of Stress Santelices, Marian R. There are negative effects of stress in the emotional, mental, and physical state Introduction â€Å"Chronic stress floods the brain with powerful hormones that are meant for short-term emergency situations. Chronic exposure can damage, shrink, and kill brain cells (Wallenstein, 2003).† Stress can affect an individual’s health leading to an array of diseases that affects the mental, emotional and physical well-being of an individual and can result to emotional, mental, and physical illnesses. Discussion Negative effects of stress in the emotional state Emotion and motivation are often tied with each other. Our actions are often motivated with emotions. Emotions are made up of four integral components: physiological arousal, cognitive processes, behavioral reactions, and affect. In Plutchik’s Emotion Wheel, it is said that there are eight primary human emotions that are made up of four pairs of opposites: acceptance and disgust, fear and anger, surprise and anticipation, sadness and joy. According to the James-Lange theory, physiological responses are triggered by the environmental stimuli from the viscera and muscle movements. Recent evidence has shown that emotions are almost the same but not alike with physiological changes. Yet, there is a little evidence showing that people can determine patterns of muscular and physiological stress. The Schachter-Singer theory is the combination of both James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. According to Schachter-Singer theory, there is a double cognitive interpretation where emotions r ely: Appraisal of the emotion-causing event and evaluation of physiological process in our bodies. Solomon and Corbit’s opponent-process theory suggests that when an emotional balance is disrupted, an opponent-process activates to restore balance in one’s emotional state. Prolonged exposure to stimuli weakens the initial emotional reaction (Parker and Ettinger, 2010a). Stress and emotion has a powerful relationship. According to Selye’s observation that if stress is not reduced, third state of exhaustion will be entered by organisms, showing signs of tear and wear, and prone to diseases. (Parker and Ettinger, 2010b). Stress can lead to dysfunction. It may result in depression or anxiety. Feeling depressed is a common reaction towards stress. If these symptoms are temporary, it may be the reflection of the ups and downs in life. However, if stress is prolonged, it can lead to psychological problems. Physiological and psychological conditions when anxiety and stress is not treated early: phobias, anxiety disorder, amnesia, and multiple personality (Bressert, 2006). The connection between mood and stress is complicated. Stress is linked with mood and health. People with low self-esteem and social relationship problems are prone to have an increase in somatic and psychological problems. Mood disturbance and illness is a result of people with low psychosocial support (DeLongis, Folkman, and Lazarus, 1988). Negative effects of stress in the mental state The University of California, Berkeley, researchers demonstrated that chronic stress produces changes in the brain that explains the reason why people experiencing chronic stress are likely to experience mental problems early in life such as mood disorders and anxiety. Doctors know that people with illnesses that are related to stress have brain abnormalities, including the differences between the amount of white matter and gray matter. Neurons which keep and process information and support cells is called Glia and is what gray matter is made up of. On the other hand, white matter is made up of axons that have network of fibers that interconnect neurons. The white fatty myelin sheath surrounding the axon is where white matter got its name. Daniela Kaufer, UC Berkeley associate professor of integrative biology, her colleagues, together with graduate students Aaron Freidman and Sundari Chetty, found out that chronic stress creates big number of myelin-producing cells and small number o f neurons than normal. Excess myelin and white matter make changes to the communication and balance in the brain. (Chetty, Friedman, Lahn, Kirby, Mirescu, Guo,†¦and Kaufer, 2014). Mental responses to stress include distractibility, unable to concentrate, depression, irritability, and anger (Parker and Ettinger, 2010c). Negative effects of stress in the physical state Research established that stress leads to health disorders including traumatic events. The impacts of trauma in the psychological are long term and immune for treatments. The psychological impact of trauma leads to physical illness. The physiological arousal triggers the disabling of functioning. In consequence, an individual cannot return to baseline activities such as occupational and social functioning. Trauma can damage one’s physical and psychological functioning (Andrea, Sharma, Zelechoski, and Spinazzola, 2011). Response of an individual towards stress may contribute to coronary heart disease. Type A people especially those with aggressive or hostile personality are prone to coronary heart disease that Type B people, who are easygoing, not driven to achieve perfection and are more relaxed. People with Type A behavior are prone to develop hypertension (Parker and Ettinger, 2010d). There are negative effects of stress in the emotional, mental, and physical state Conclusion Prolonged exposure to stress can affect an individual’s health, leading to an array of diseases that affects the cognitive, emotional and physical well-being of an individual, such as, coronary heart disease, depression, moodiness, memory problems and Especially affected is our brain, the hippocampus, which regulates our memory and emotions and how it plays in various emotional disorders with long-lasting changes in brain structure, that are unraveled by researchers. References Parker, M., Ettinger, R.H. (2010). Understanding Psychology (3rd ed.). 410 Hemsted Dr, Redding, CA 96002, United States. BVT Publishing DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S.(1988). The impact of stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of personality and psychology, Vol. 54(3), 486-495, Retrieved from http://www.apa.org Chetty, S., Friedman, A.R., Taravosh-Lahn, K., Kirby, E.D., Mirescu, C., Guo, F.,†¦Kaufer, D.(2014). Stress and glucocorticoids promote oligodendrogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Molecular Psychiatry 19, 1275-1283. DOI:10.1038/mp.2013.190 Physical Health Problems After SingleTrauma Exposure: When Stress Takes Root in the Body Wendy D’Andrea1, Ritu Sharma2, Amanda D. Zelechoski3, andJoseph Spinazzola4 Andrea, W.D., Sharma, R., Zelechoski, A.D., Spinazzola, J.(2011). Physical Health Problems After SingleTrauma Exposure: When Stress Takes Root in the Body. Journal of the American PsychiatricNurses Association 17(6) 378–392. DOI: 10.1177/1078390311425187 Bressert, S. (2006). The Impact of Stress. Psych Central. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/lib/the-impact-of-stress/000104 Wallenstein, Gene. 2003. Mind, Stress, and Emotion: The New Science of Mood. Boston, MA: Commonwealth Press.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be one of 4 main kinds of dissociative disorders (DSM-IV): "The essential feature of dissociative disorders is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness" (8). If identity is the main function affected, the person is said to have DID. Most non-DID people have one identity comprised of many parts that work harmoniously together. They have only one I-function which consists of a conglomeration of thoughts and feelings formed from connections between many different brain areas. People with MPD, however, have a decentralized, internal network of 2 or more I- functions or "alters," each with its own physiology, behavior, and cognitions. Dissociation often enables victims to maintain a relatively healthy level of functioning because traumatic memories are disconnected from other information in their minds. A multiple presents her view of DID: "We do not SUFFER FROM MPD. We SURVIVE because of MPD" (6). Living with this disorder is often an extremely lonely, confusing experience. Luckily, there has been much success in treating this disorder thanks to the extensive research conducted into DID etiology. The etiology may be explained by the diathesis-stress model. There appears to be a biological component given the fact that most people with DID have a family history of the disorder. It has also been found that people who are easily hypnotized are more susceptible to DID (5). The stress is known to come from severe physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse at a developmentally sensitive stage in childhood (3). When a per... ...ted. Another possibility is that everyone possesses different centers of connections and somehow after repeated dissociation episodes, some people's links become severed. Findings from DID research may be helpful for DID and non-DID sufferers alike. Research into this area has shed a lot of light into what kinds of cognitions lead to healthy functioning, among the most important of which are the need for a sense of control and self-love and respect. The research also highlights the interconnectedness of the mind and body: the fact that the psychological has a very real affect on the physiological and vice versa. Internet Sources: http://www.sidran.org/casa.html http://www.sidran.org/didbr.html http://rossinst.com/case2.htm http://www.rossinst.com/2yr_study.htm http://www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk4.htm http://www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk2.htm

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 18

As soon as Id taken every last ticket and accepted every last dollar, I slipped into the tent behind an overweight man clutching a sweaty wad of Confederate notes in each fist. The air was thick with the stench of sweat, sawdust, and, of course, blood. People were milling around us, paying extra money to gawk at the Strongman and the Tattooed Lady, all of whom were hidden behind thick black curtains at various intervals along the perimeter of the tent. But the majority of the crowd was clamoring around Jasper. Large wagers were being placed, with lots of shouting and hand signals and stacks of greasy notes being passed back and forth. Jasper gleefully chomped on his soggy cigar and laughed. Sailors yanked foreign bills from their billfolds. A few teenagers pooled their coins. Well-dressed men in ties waved gold coins. â€Å"Fight, fight, fight!† one red-faced man began yelling. Instantly, the people standing by him began to chant as well. Three well-dressed women, their hair in curls atop their heads, glanced at each other, giggled, and echoed the cheer, their alto voices contrasting with the mens baritone ones. Gallagher strode into the tent, his cane tapping a path through the sawdust. People turned and craned their necks to catch a glimpse of him; in the circus tent, he was just as much an attraction as the freaks. After all, this was the man whod caught a vampire. Be strong, brother, I whispered under my breath, remembering all the times Damon had won fights back in Mystic Falls. Damon had never provoked those battles but had always been a good fighter, always landing a punch fast when a fight broke out. Thats why hed been so respected in the army. But now, in a battle against a mountain lion, especially after not feeding for days I shuddered. â€Å"Brother?† I whispered tentatively, at a decibel I knew only his ears could detect. I was hoping for some sort of reply, even though I wasnt sure whether he could have actually heard me. If he did, he said nothing in response. â€Å"And now, lets introduce our fighters!† Gallaghers voice broke through my reverie. Two animal handlers, their hands in leather gloves and wearing boots that came up past their knees, walked into the ring, leading a mangy mountain lion. The mountain lion had a grayish-yellowish coat and yellow teeth, and, despite its lean body, looked brutal. And hungry. As if on cue, it uttered a roar. â€Å"In one end of your ring, you have the mountain lion. But this is no ordinary cat. This beast is the Alberta Avenger! He came down from Canada to find the hunter that killed his mate. He eviscerated the hunter, his wife, and all of his children except the youngest, whose legs the lion ate before leaving the rest of him alive to tell the story. Since then, you have followed the mountain lion in the newspapers as it has feasted its way on innocents in the Union and Confederacy without prejudice. Tonight, it is here only after we captured it trying to stow away on a boat bound for the Andes Mountains in South America. The mountain lion, ladies and gentlemen!† Gallagher yelled, his showmanship on full display. The crowd dutifully applauded enthusiastically, and some even cheered. â€Å"Its opponent is a legendary vampire that has been terrifying children and their parents for centuries. Viktor the Cruel was born in 1589 and was heir to the Hapsburg Empire until he first tasted blood–his sisters–and began a three-hundred-year feeding frenzy that has left a trail of drained bodies around the world. At an estimated two victims per day, this brings Viktors kills to one and a half million people, more than double the size of Italy. This unstoppable lust for blood continues tonight.† The applause was more nervous now, but the cheers were louder. Gallagher spread his hands apart with a flourish, and Damon came into the ring, surrounded by four handlers. His hands and feet were in chains, and his face was partially hidden by a muzzle. His skin was bleeding from the vervain, his eyes were bloodshot, and the expression on his face was one Id never seen. I could understand the hatred he felt–I was fighting every instinct I had not to kill the people holding him captive. But his imprisonment had changed him. Damon had called me a cold-blooded killer. The look in Damons eyes was not one of sport, or survival. It was pure bloodlust. A hush filled the tent. The mountain lion strained at his chains, but Damon simply stood in his corner of the ring, as if unaware of what the imminent future held for him. â€Å"And go!† Gallagher yelled. Immediately, the handlers unlocked Damons chains and opened the iron door of the mountain lions cage, then ran off the stage. The lion jumped toward Damon, making contact with his chest. Damon let out an anguished moan and fell backward. Then, just as quickly, he rose to his feet and roared, his face suddenly flushed, his fangs on full display. I knew this was all instinctual: Damons Power rising to the surface as soon as hed felt the attack. I had learned this about our kind in the past few weeks: Our power led us to do things before we even knew we were doing them. Despite Damons external weakness, his Power was still intact. The lion leaped again, and Damon went low, ducking under the claws and coming up at just the right moment to dig his hands into the lions neck. But the lion tossed Damon free; he rolled to a stop only when he slammed into the gate surrounding the ring. Damon let out another moan and lay on the ground. The lion began to stalk over to claim his kill. The crowd went wild, friends hitting one another in the arm and clawing at the air as though they themselves were in the fight. One of the handlers positioned along the sidelines poked at Damon, clearly to get him moving. Damon swung without looking, knocking the man into the stands. As the handler struggled to get up, two nearby customers kicked him in the gut and then dropped him over the back railing to the dirt below, out of sight. Damon paid no heed to the scuffle and moved deeper into the ring, letting the lion slowly circle him. After a long silence, Damon let out a feral growl and ran toward the lion. The lion roared in response and charged, but this time Damon stepped aside, and when the lion missed him, Damon hooked an arm up under the lions neck. With strength no one seemed to expect, Damon threw the lion onto its back. He was about to dive on top and go in for the kill when the lion kicked up and drove a claw right through Damons arm. The lion swatted its paw around, swinging Damon through the air like a fly on a fishing line. At last, the flesh gave way and Damon, with a red arc of blood trailing behind him, shot up through the air, then landed with a thud even I couldnt hear over the hellish roar of the celebrating crowd. Damon struggled to his feet, holding the wounded arm in place with the other. He wasnt healing as quickly as vampires usually do–I wondered if the vervain had dampened that Power. He needed blood, that much was clear. His survival instincts and the attendant adrenalin were waning. I was about to rush forward into the ring, with the stout man in front of me as an offering to my brother, when a warm hand fell on my arm. Callie. â€Å"Its horrible,† she said. Her knuckles had gone white around clumps of her dress. Her lips hung loose and trembled. â€Å"I cant watch this barbarism much longer.† â€Å"Then tell your father to stop it,† I hissed. The stomping on the wooden stands was picking up in speed and along with the racing heartbeats of the people. The splotches of blood in the sawdust werent enough to satisfy them–they needed to see a death. Now Damon was padding around the mountain lion, as the animal hunched, coiled, in the center of the ring, moving as little as possible while following Damon with its reflective eyes. Suddenly, Damon took off, moving at a blurred speed around the lion so that the animal had to rapidly turn and turn, as though chasing its own tail. A quiet came over the crowd, and only the heavy panting of Damon and the mountain lion echoed under the canvas of the tent. Damon circled his prey, moving faster than the lion could comprehend. The crowd gasped as Damon slanted toward the mountain lion, and before the beast could tell which direction he was coming from, Damon dove on the muscle behind the lions head. He bit in and held on, letting the lion kick and flip wildly. Callie clutched my arm. My eyes were riveted on the scene, and my body was primed to run to the cage should I need to intervene. The mountain lion was slowing. Each time it bucked, more blood appeared in the sawdust in little red rivers. Its left hind leg was looking weak now; wobbling, it started to flop toward the ground. Damon unlatched his fangs and reared back, ready to go for the vein in the cats neck. Just then, the cat flailed its hindquarters and threw Damon free. As Damon tried to recover his feet, the mountain lion moved in and wrapped its jaws around his side. The crowd gasped again, then began to boo. Fight, I urged with every fiber of my being, clenching my fists at my sides. Damon had gone limp and was being flung around like an old slipper in a dogs mouth. The lion tossed Damon to the ground, then pulled its head back and opened wide. But just as the animal dove forward, Damon rolled away. He drove his shoulder into the confused beasts side, bowling it over and exposing the short white hairs on its throat. Damon tore into the vein with his fangs. The mountain lion twitched its way to stillness as a puddle of blood became bigger and bigger until it was a great lake of blood within the fighting ring. At its center was my brother, kneeling over a dead mountain lion. He stood and stumbled backward a step. He looked up into the crowd with a wide smile on his face, his fangs out and his whole face and front dripping with blood. The crowd cheered and booed in equal measure, and Damon just turned in a small circle, occasionally licking his lips. Gallagher clapped his fat hands together. The ones whod made money jumped and hugged one another. The ones whod lost threw hats to the ground or stared blankly ahead. I leaped forward, trying to push my way to my brother, but the handlers had already moved in, stakes and vervain-laced nets in hand. Damon was clearly drunk on such a massive feed after not eating for so long and didnt seem to notice them. Before I could even shout a warning, the men wrapped him in nets and began dragging him out of the arena. Even at my fastest, I couldnt get past the crowd that had filled in behind them and now blocked the entire way. All of the revelers, hooting and slobbering, stood between me and the exit, and by the time I pushed and shoved my way out, the wagon was careening out of the fairgrounds. A whip cracked. Hooves beat the ground. And just like that, Damon was gone.

Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Essays - Louis Kahn

Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Essays - Louis Kahn Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Louis Kahn and The Salk Institute Standing alone against the endless blue sea, the Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn is one of a kind. Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Studies on the Pacific coast near La Jolla aspires within its own spirit to an order achieved through clarity, definition, and consistency of application(Heyer 195). To many, this magnificent structure may seem out of place, but it works well with the surrounding environment because of the spatial continuity that it possesses. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, combine to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Many of the ideas that went into the construction of this design are still utilized in architecture today. Kahn's modern design takes full advantage of the atmosphere by opening up a broad plaza between two research and lab wings providing a view of the beautiful Pacific Ocean and the coastline (Ghirardo 227). The laboratories are separated from the study areas, and each study has a view of the magnificent blue Pacific with horizontal light pouring in. This allows scientists to take a break from their frantic studies and clear their minds with a breath-taking view. In relation to this idea Kahn stated, I separated the studies from the laboratory and placed them over the gardens. Now one need not spend all the time in the laboratories (Ronner 158). The two lab wings are symmetrical about a small stream that runs through the middle of the courtyard and feeds into the ocean. This steady ban of water flowing towards the sea symbolizes the success that human can accomplish. I thought this idea had a worthy presence, considering the Salk Institute is one that promotes research and study. Thus, the courtyard is considered the faade to the sky. Kahn didn't need to dress up the land around the plan because the Salk Institute is the landscape. It is one with the site. Kahn incorporates the use of tectonic characteristics within this design in a number of ways. The materials used included wood, concrete, marble, water, and glass, and they all contributed to the Brutalist notions and simplistic plan. He believed that concrete was the stone of modern man, and therefore it was to be left with exposed joints and formwork markings (Ronner 164). Weathered wood and glass combined with the concrete to construct the outside surface. Kahn also integrated mechanical and electrical services into this architecture, which gave laboratories a new concept. These technologies were hidden in the design to continue Kahn's search for order in the plan. Ceiling and column ideas were also combined to separate the air that you breathe from the air that you throw away. Interlocking volumes are present throughout the structure, all the way down to the details on the furniture (Ghirardo 227). The servant and served spaces in the Salk Institute create a consistent order, which is evident throughout the design. The laboratories act as the served spaces, while the servant spaces are represented by the studies. All of the ideas are initiated in the studies or offices, and the research is carried out in the labs. Therefore, the servant spaces serve the served spaces. These are not the only ways that the served and servant concepts are involved in the institute. An idea that is still used to this day in all forms of architecture is the way the Kahn guides the utilities through the building in an unnoticeable manner. Served spaces and servant spaces are entirely integrated (Scully 36). Kahn also made a service floor under each laboratory which established a very flexible space, and this concept is still used today (Frampton 245). Overlooking the great Pacific, this is no ordinary office building. Louis Kahn used a combination of modern architecture with much simplicity to produc e arguably his greatest feat as an architect. A lot of concepts that he initiated in this plan are still in use all over the world today. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, all work together to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Bibliography Frampton,

5 Misplaced Phrases

5 Misplaced Phrases 5 Misplaced Phrases 5 Misplaced Phrases By Mark Nichol The flexibility of the English language is a blessing and a curse: It is commendable because it invites creativity, but the feature can also be a flaw, leading to confused context. In these five sentences, the faulty positioning of a phrase mars the meaning. 1. â€Å"Meanwhile, his supporters continue to physically assault and terrorize student protesters.† When only the first of two parallel verbs is preceded by an adverb, that word is assumed to modify both verbs, but although it is possible to physically terrorize someone, that probably isn’t the writer’s meaning. To distinguish that the adverb modifies only the first verb and because physical assault is more egregious than terrorizing, and ascending order is an effective syntactical scheme the order in which the verbs appear should be inverted: â€Å"Meanwhile, his supporters continue to terrorize and physically assault student protesters.† 2. â€Å"For all its faults, the Bush administration regards the regime as an ally in the so-called war on terror.† This sentence structure suggests that the faults are being attributed to the Bush administration, rather than to the regime. To correct this misstatement, relocate the interjection â€Å"for all its faults† to follow the reference to the latter government rather than the former: â€Å"The Bush administration regards the regime, for all its faults, as an ally in the so-called war on terror.† 3. â€Å"The battle lines had been drawn, but I waged my war against plagiarism, determined that I would not could not lose for my students’ sake.† The placement of â€Å"for my students’ sake† at the end of the sentence, after lose, creates the impression that the idea is of the teacher losing for the sake of his or her students. The statement is clearer when the phrase is inserted parenthetically earlier in the sentence: â€Å"The battle lines had been drawn, but for my students’ sake, I waged my war against plagiarism, determined that I would not could not lose.† 4. â€Å"They whisper to each other across the room from their respective twin beds.† The proximity of â€Å"across the room† to â€Å"from their respective twin beds† implies that the whisperers are located together across from where the beds are situated. To more clearly express that each whisperer is on or in his or her own bed, attach â€Å"across the room† to whisper, the verb the phrase modifies. â€Å"They whisper across the room to each other from their respective twin beds.† 5. â€Å"She picked Verrà ¼ckt nach Mary off the shelf, the German-dubbed version of There’s Something About Mary, and held the package up.† Here, the fact that shelf immediately precedes â€Å"the German-dubbed version of There’s Something About Mary† implies that they are in apposition, meaning that the phrase describes the shelf). However, it is an appositive describing the movie with the German title, so it should immediately follow the title: â€Å"She picked Verrà ¼ckt nach Mary, the German-dubbed version of There’s Something About Mary, off the shelf and held the package up.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point Arc15 Great Word GamesWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance in Literature review

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance in Pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment - Literature review Example The first stage of the pancreatic cancer diagnosis is tumor detection. The tumor is not easily detectable and hence the increased mortality rate of the disease. The detection of the tumor is therefore an important stage in the efforts of treating and curing pancreatic cancer. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a process that enables the early confirmation of the pancreatic tumor thereby increasing the curability of the disease. Contrast agents are used in the MRI process. The commonly used contrast images are Gadolinium based Contrast agents and Iron Oxide nanoparticle enhanced contrast agents. The contrast agents allow for the formation of distinct images subsequently allowing for better determination of Carcinoma cells. The research paper looks into the role that Iron Oxide Nanoparticles enhance the magnetic Resonance in the quest for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. The paper is broken down to the different MRI and its contrast agents, Nanotechnology, Iron Oxide nanoparticles, and their importance in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer and finally the effectiveness and dependability of the Nanoparticles in the curability of pancreatic cancer. The paper has clearly cut objectives, which should be addressed comprehensively throughout the paper. According to Zhou and Lu (2012), Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a powerful medical modality that displays the anatomical structures of the body. MRI is quite important in detecting and characterizing the diseased tissues in the body as well as solid tumors. MRI produces a three-dimension, high resolution and contrast images of the tissues or tumor and does not release ionization radiation in the process. MRI uses a variety of contrast agents in relation to the tissue or body part involved in the process. Over the years, since its inception three years ago, the

Skoda Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skoda - Case Study Example Volkswagen's experience assisted in fixing most of the mechanical problems that Skoda had initially experienced. Skoda UK sells Skoda cars through its network of independent franchised dealers and its most current popular models are the frabia, octavia, superb and the roomster. Its' market share is at 1.7% making it a very small player in the market for cars (The times 100 134). However it has managed to fit in the highly competitive market and fragmented market. It attributes this on it's concentration on owners experience rather than making large sales. It has regarded 'the human touch' from design through to sale. One of its identifiable and quantifiable strength is the willingness and ability of the Skoda's driver to recommend Skoda to a friend. It utilizes this strength to market its brand image as well as laying plans for future strategic development. According to the audit report in the times 100 (134), Skoda faced a crisis due to the oudated perception of the brand. The car had an image of low quality, design, materials and assembly which negatively affected its owners. This is due to the fact that people associated car ownership to the image. In 1999, Skoda managed to change its negative image and Skoda cars were no longer considered of low quality. Despite its effort of improving its image, the vehicle did not have a strong appeal ot the public. Analysis of case To improve its performance in the competitive car market, Skoda UK's management needed to assess its brand positioning. Brand positioning means establishing a distinctive image for the brand compared to competing brands. Its by so doing that it would manage to grow from a small player to a bigger player. From the audit report it obtained after a market research, Skoda UK was put into a good positionto take advantage of new opportunities and respond to threats. According to JD Power survey, Skoda has been in the top five car manufacturers for the past thirteen years. In Top Gear's 2007 customer satisfactionsurvey, 56,000 viewers gave their opinions on 152 models and Skoda was voted as the number 1 car maker (The Times 100 134). Skoda's Octavia model aloso won the 2008 Auto Express Driver Power best car. Skoda attributes the results to its strategic management strategy which foccused on building cars that their owners would enjoy. This was different from simply maximising sales of a product. Strategic management is a process in whih it guides a business so that it can compete and grow in its market. According to the Audit report provided, Skoda has a 1.7% market share making it a small player in the market for cars. The weakness was partly due to outdated perceptions of the brand. This can be attributed to its poor marketing strategies that it used. The company should have therefore focused on improving its image to improve the clientele base. Recommendations Skoda should focuss on the Niche segment by developing a B plus or economical cars which are financially friendly to customers earning below 3000 RMB. This is due to the fact that, most customers are not in a position to afford the car at its current price. It is therefore advisable that, the company considers the low income earners by developing and producing economical cars. Skoda should also